diff --git a/roboimi/vla/conf/agent/resnet_diffusion.yaml b/roboimi/vla/conf/agent/resnet_diffusion.yaml
index 2874672..b9ab4e4 100644
--- a/roboimi/vla/conf/agent/resnet_diffusion.yaml
+++ b/roboimi/vla/conf/agent/resnet_diffusion.yaml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # @package agent
 defaults:
-  - /backbone@vision_backbone: resnet
+  # - /backbone@vision_backbone: resnet
+  - /backbone@vision_backbone: resnet_diffusion
   - /modules@state_encoder: identity_state_encoder
   - /modules@action_encoder: identity_action_encoder
   - /head: conditional_unet1d
@@ -16,8 +17,6 @@ obs_dim: 16
 pred_horizon: 16
 obs_horizon: 2
 
-# Diffusion Parameters
-# diffusion_steps: 100  (这些参数应该移到 head 配置中，或者通过变量传递)
 
 # Camera Configuration
 num_cams: ${len:${data.camera_names}}  # 自动从 data.camera_names 列表长度获取
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/roboimi/vla/conf/backbone/resnet_diffusion.yaml b/roboimi/vla/conf/backbone/resnet_diffusion.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8fd5b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/roboimi/vla/conf/backbone/resnet_diffusion.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+_target_: roboimi.vla.models.backbones.resnet_diffusion.ResNetDiffusionBackbone
+vision_backbone: "resnet18"
+pretrained_backbone_weights: null
+input_shape: [3, 96, 96]
+crop_shape: [84, 84]
+crop_is_random: true
+use_group_norm: true
+spatial_softmax_num_keypoints: 32
+use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera: true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/roboimi/vla/models/backbones/resnet_diffusion.py b/roboimi/vla/models/backbones/resnet_diffusion.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afb7c65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/roboimi/vla/models/backbones/resnet_diffusion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+from roboimi.vla.core.interfaces import VLABackbone
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+import torchvision
+import numpy as np
+from typing import Callable, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+def _replace_submodules(
+    root_module: nn.Module, predicate: Callable[[nn.Module], bool], func: Callable[[nn.Module], nn.Module]
+) -> nn.Module:
+    """
+    Args:
+        root_module: 需要替换子模块的根模块
+        predicate: 接受一个模块作为参数，如果该模块需要被替换则返回 True。
+        func: 接受一个模块作为参数，并返回一个新的模块来替换它。
+    Returns:
+        子模块已被替换的根模块。
+    """
+    if predicate(root_module):
+        return func(root_module)
+
+    replace_list = [k.split(".") for k, m in root_module.named_modules(remove_duplicate=True) if predicate(m)]
+    for *parents, k in replace_list:
+        parent_module = root_module
+        if len(parents) > 0:
+            parent_module = root_module.get_submodule(".".join(parents))
+        if isinstance(parent_module, nn.Sequential):
+            src_module = parent_module[int(k)]
+        else:
+            src_module = getattr(parent_module, k)
+        tgt_module = func(src_module)
+        if isinstance(parent_module, nn.Sequential):
+            parent_module[int(k)] = tgt_module
+        else:
+            setattr(parent_module, k, tgt_module)
+    # 验证所有 BN 是否已被替换
+    assert not any(predicate(m) for _, m in root_module.named_modules(remove_duplicate=True))
+    return root_module
+
+class SpatialSoftmax(nn.Module):
+    """
+    Finn 等人在 "Deep Spatial Autoencoders for Visuomotor Learning" 中描述的空间软 Argmax 操作
+    (https://huggingface.co/papers/1509.06113)。这是 robomimic 实现的一个最小移植版本。
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, input_shape, num_kp=None):
+        """
+        Args:
+            input_shape (list): (C, H, W) 输入特征图形状。
+            num_kp (int): 输出中的关键点数量。如果为 None，输出将具有与输入相同的通道数。
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+
+        assert len(input_shape) == 3
+        self._in_c, self._in_h, self._in_w = input_shape
+
+        if num_kp is not None:
+            self.nets = torch.nn.Conv2d(self._in_c, num_kp, kernel_size=1)
+            self._out_c = num_kp
+        else:
+            self.nets = None
+            self._out_c = self._in_c
+
+        # 我们可以直接使用 torch.linspace，但这似乎与 numpy 的行为略有不同
+        # 并且会导致预训练模型的 pc_success 略有下降。
+        pos_x, pos_y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-1.0, 1.0, self._in_w), np.linspace(-1.0, 1.0, self._in_h))
+        pos_x = torch.from_numpy(pos_x.reshape(self._in_h * self._in_w, 1)).float()
+        pos_y = torch.from_numpy(pos_y.reshape(self._in_h * self._in_w, 1)).float()
+        # 注册为 buffer，以便将其移动到正确的设备。
+        self.register_buffer("pos_grid", torch.cat([pos_x, pos_y], dim=1))
+
+    def forward(self, features: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Args:
+            features: (B, C, H, W) 输入特征图。
+        Returns:
+            (B, K, 2) 关键点的图像空间坐标。
+        """
+        if self.nets is not None:
+            features = self.nets(features)
+
+        # [B, K, H, W] -> [B * K, H * W]，其中 K 是关键点数量
+        features = features.reshape(-1, self._in_h * self._in_w)
+        # 2d softmax 归一化
+        attention = F.softmax(features, dim=-1)
+        # [B * K, H * W] x [H * W, 2] -> [B * K, 2] 用于 x 和 y 维度的空间坐标均值
+        expected_xy = attention @ self.pos_grid
+        # 重塑为 [B, K, 2]
+        feature_keypoints = expected_xy.view(-1, self._out_c, 2)
+
+        return feature_keypoints
+
+class ResNetDiffusionBackbone(VLABackbone):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        vision_backbone: str = "resnet18",
+        pretrained_backbone_weights: str | None = None,
+        input_shape: Tuple[int, int, int] = (3, 84, 84), # (C, H, W)
+        crop_shape: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None,
+        crop_is_random: bool = True,
+        use_group_norm: bool = True,
+        spatial_softmax_num_keypoints: int = 32,
+        use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera: bool = True,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        # 保存所有参数作为实例变量
+        self.vision_backbone = vision_backbone
+        self.pretrained_backbone_weights = pretrained_backbone_weights
+        self.input_shape = input_shape
+        self.crop_shape = crop_shape
+        self.crop_is_random = crop_is_random
+        self.use_group_norm = use_group_norm
+        self.spatial_softmax_num_keypoints = spatial_softmax_num_keypoints
+        self.use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera = use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera
+
+        # 设置可选的预处理。
+        if crop_shape is not None:
+            self.do_crop = True
+            # 评估时始终使用中心裁剪
+            self.center_crop = torchvision.transforms.CenterCrop(crop_shape)
+            if crop_is_random:
+                self.maybe_random_crop = torchvision.transforms.RandomCrop(crop_shape)
+            else:
+                self.maybe_random_crop = self.center_crop
+        else:
+            self.do_crop = False
+            self.crop_shape = input_shape[1:]
+
+        # 创建骨干网络的内部函数
+        def _create_backbone():
+            backbone_model = getattr(torchvision.models, vision_backbone)(
+                weights=pretrained_backbone_weights
+            )
+            # 移除 AvgPool 和 FC (假设 layer4 是 children()[-3])
+            backbone = nn.Sequential(*(list(backbone_model.children())[:-2]))
+            if use_group_norm:
+                backbone = _replace_submodules(
+                    root_module=backbone,
+                    predicate=lambda x: isinstance(x, nn.BatchNorm2d),
+                    func=lambda x: nn.GroupNorm(num_groups=x.num_features // 16, num_channels=x.num_features),
+                )
+            return backbone
+
+        # 创建池化和最终层的内部函数
+        def _create_head(feature_map_shape):
+            pool = SpatialSoftmax(feature_map_shape, num_kp=spatial_softmax_num_keypoints)
+            feature_dim = spatial_softmax_num_keypoints * 2
+            out = nn.Linear(spatial_softmax_num_keypoints * 2, feature_dim)
+            relu = nn.ReLU()
+            return pool, feature_dim, out, relu
+
+        # 使用试运行来获取特征图形状
+        dummy_shape = (1, input_shape[0], *self.crop_shape)
+
+        if self.use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera:
+            # 每个相机使用独立的编码器，我们先创建一个临时骨干网络来获取特征图形状
+            temp_backbone = _create_backbone()
+            with torch.no_grad():
+                dummy_out = temp_backbone(torch.zeros(dummy_shape))
+            feature_map_shape = dummy_out.shape[1:] # (C, H, W)
+            del temp_backbone
+
+            # 注意：我们在 forward 方法中动态创建编码器，或者在知道相机数量时创建
+            # 这里我们先不创建具体的编码器实例，而是在 forward 时根据需要创建
+            # 或者，我们可以要求用户提供相机数量参数
+            self.camera_encoders = None
+            self.feature_dim = spatial_softmax_num_keypoints * 2
+        else:
+            # 所有相机共享同一个编码器
+            self.backbone = _create_backbone()
+            with torch.no_grad():
+                dummy_out = self.backbone(torch.zeros(dummy_shape))
+            feature_map_shape = dummy_out.shape[1:] # (C, H, W)
+            self.pool, self.feature_dim, self.out, self.relu = _create_head(feature_map_shape)
+
+    def _create_single_encoder(self):
+        """内部方法：创建单个编码器（骨干网络 + 池化 + 输出层）"""
+        # 创建骨干网络
+        backbone_model = getattr(torchvision.models, self.vision_backbone)(
+            weights=self.pretrained_backbone_weights
+        )
+        backbone = nn.Sequential(*(list(backbone_model.children())[:-2]))
+
+        if self.use_group_norm:
+            backbone = _replace_submodules(
+                root_module=backbone,
+                predicate=lambda x: isinstance(x, nn.BatchNorm2d),
+                func=lambda x: nn.GroupNorm(num_groups=x.num_features // 16, num_channels=x.num_features),
+            )
+
+        # 获取特征图形状
+        dummy_shape = (1, self.input_shape[0], *self.crop_shape)
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            dummy_out = backbone(torch.zeros(dummy_shape))
+        feature_map_shape = dummy_out.shape[1:]
+
+        # 创建池化和输出层
+        pool = SpatialSoftmax(feature_map_shape, num_kp=self.spatial_softmax_num_keypoints)
+        out = nn.Linear(self.spatial_softmax_num_keypoints * 2, self.feature_dim)
+        relu = nn.ReLU()
+
+        return nn.ModuleList([backbone, pool, out, relu])
+
+    def forward_single_image(self, x: torch.Tensor, encoder: nn.ModuleList = None) -> torch.Tensor:
+        if self.do_crop:
+            x = self.maybe_random_crop(x) if self.training else self.center_crop(x)
+
+        if self.use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera:
+            # 使用独立编码器
+            backbone, pool, out, relu = encoder
+            x = relu(out(torch.flatten(pool(backbone(x)), start_dim=1)))
+        else:
+            # 使用共享编码器
+            x = self.relu(self.out(torch.flatten(self.pool(self.backbone(x)), start_dim=1)))
+        return x
+
+    def forward(self, images):
+        any_tensor = next(iter(images.values()))
+        B, T = any_tensor.shape[:2]
+        features_all = []
+
+        # 检查是否需要初始化独立编码器
+        if self.use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera and self.camera_encoders is None:
+            self.camera_encoders = nn.ModuleDict()
+            for cam_name in sorted(images.keys()):
+                self.camera_encoders[cam_name] = self._create_single_encoder()
+
+        for cam_name in sorted(images.keys()):
+            img = images[cam_name]
+            if self.use_separate_rgb_encoder_per_camera:
+                # 使用该相机对应的独立编码器
+                features = self.forward_single_image(
+                    img.view(B * T, *img.shape[2:]),
+                    self.camera_encoders[cam_name]
+                )
+            else:
+                # 使用共享编码器
+                features = self.forward_single_image(img.view(B * T, *img.shape[2:]))
+            features_all.append(features)
+
+        return torch.cat(features_all, dim=1).view(B, T, -1)
+
+    @property
+    def output_dim(self):
+        return self.feature_dim
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print("🚀 Testing ResNetDiffusionBackbone...")
+    
+    # Configuration
+    B, T = 2, 5
+    C, H, W = 3, 96, 96
+    crop_h, crop_w = 84, 84
+    num_keypoints = 32
+    feature_dim_per_cam = num_keypoints * 2
+    
+    # Instantiate model
+    backbone = ResNetDiffusionBackbone(
+        vision_backbone="resnet18",
+        pretrained_backbone_weights=None, # Speed up test
+        input_shape=(C, H, W),
+        crop_shape=(crop_h, crop_w),
+        crop_is_random=True,
+        use_group_norm=True,
+        spatial_softmax_num_keypoints=num_keypoints
+    )
+    
+    print(f"✅ Model instantiated. Output dim per camera: {backbone.output_dim}")
+    
+    # Create dummy input
+    images = {
+        "cam_high": torch.randn(B, T, C, H, W),
+        "cam_wrist": torch.randn(B, T, C, H, W)
+    }
+    
+    # Forward pass
+    print("🔄 Running forward pass...")
+    output = backbone(images)
+    
+    print(f"Input shapes: {[v.shape for v in images.values()]}")
+    print(f"Output shape: {output.shape}")
+    
+    # Verification
+    expected_dim = len(images) * feature_dim_per_cam
+    assert output.shape == (B, T, expected_dim), f"Expected shape {(B, T, expected_dim)}, got {output.shape}"
+    
+    print("✨ Test passed!")
\ No newline at end of file